A. the same subject – infinitive or clause
to + infinitive
in order to + infinitive
so as to + infinitive
so that + clause* (see part B)
-
- I went to England to learn English.
- I went to England in order to learn English.
- I went to England so as to learn English.
- I went to England so that I could learn English.
Negative:
in order not to + infinitive
so as not to + infinitive
so that + clause* (see part B)
-
- He drives carefully in order not to have an accident.
- He drives carefully so as not to have an accident.
- He drives carefully so that he won’t have an accident.
B. two different subjects – so that + clause
so that + can/may/will : present/future reference
so that + could/might/would: past reference
-
- I’ll give you some money so that you can do some shopping for me.
- Ukrainian people risk their lives so that we may live in peace.
- She hid the letter so that he wouldn’t find out the truth.
C. for + a noun/-ing form
-
- I am going out for a walk.
- We use this knife for cutting cheese.
D. in case + present/future
-
- I’ll write down your address in case I forget it.
- Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain. ( a possibility is less sure)
E. other possible expressions
with a view to/with the aim of/with the idea of + -ing form
-
- All precautions have been taken with a view to decreasing the number of infected people.
prevent + noun/pronoun + from + -ing form
-
- I closed the window to prevent my daughter from falling out.
avoid + -ing form
-
- She is taking a lot of vitamins to avoid catching a cold.
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